Fossil Gaps Essay examples -- Geology Evolution Essays Biology

Fossil Gaps â€Å"The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution.† (Campbell, 260) Or does it? The fact is that the fossil record is a silent testimony against Darwin’s erroneous theories of the fossil record documenting his idea of macroevolution. The book, Biology: Concepts and Connections (hereafter referred to as Biology), clearly agrees with the evolutionary outlook of â€Å"fossils [being] a rich source of evidence for evolution.† (Campbell, 260) However, this book, along with most evolutionists, avoids the substantial questions the fossil record actually represents. In the rock layers of the earth, scientists have found many fossils (preserved traces of plants and animals). According to evolutionary paleontologists (scientists studying fossil remains), the history of this world is recorded in the rocks that make up the earth’s crust and the fossils that they contain. Evolutionists claim that these rocks have been forming, wearing away, and reforming since the world began. (Halbach, 387) Although Biology often overlooks the criteria arguing against evolution, it still contains the gaps that the evolutionary theory possesses. Among these gaps are the arguments against the fossil record – circular reasoning, reversed geological columns, polystrate fossils, sediment accumulation, inconclusive physical evidence, and lack of transitional fossils. A scientist named Gliedman gives an excellent summary reflecting upon the latter dispute: â€Å"No fossil or other physical evidence directly connects man to ape.... The problem for gradualists [those who support gradual evolution or orthodox Darwinian evolution] is that... these ancestral species remain essentially unchanged throughout their ‘million-year life spans’, yet each of them differs substantially from its immediate predecessor.† (Glideman, 90-91) Biology holds the evolutionary view of older fossils deep in the strata are those of the primitive evolving organisms. The youngest rocks, which are on the topmost strata of the earth’s crust, are supposed to contain fossils of organisms which have more recently evolved – and therefore are similar to organisms alive today. Geologists and paleontologists have devised a geological time chart to show what they assume to be the evolutionary outline of the earth’s history. According to this time scale, the earth’s history can be divided into eras; each ... ...ry tales with facts. It is true that evolution has been mixed with science for the last thirty years, but that does not mean that it is the same as science – it is simply another scientific theory. Bibliography 1. Baker, Sylvia. Bone of Contention: Is Evolution true? USA: Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing Company, 1996. 2. Campbell, Neil A., Lawrence G. Mitchlell, and Jane B. Reece. Biology: Concepts and Connections, Third ed. Canada: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1994. 3. Darwin, Charles. The Origin of Species. New York: Princeton University Press, 1962. 4. Gliedman, John. â€Å"Mutations.† Science Digest. New York: Hafner, 1982. 5. Hakbach, John. Science: Order and Reality. USA: A Beka Book Publications, 1995. 6. McLean, G. S.; McLean, Larry; Oakland, Roger. The Bible Key to Understanding the Early Earth. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Southwest Radio Church, 1987. 7. Morris, Henry M. Scientific Creationism. El Cajon, California: Master Books, April 1985. 8. Schuchert, Charles. A TextBook of Geology. London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995. 9. Stanley, Steven M. "Fossil." World Book Online. America’s Ed., Worldbookonline.com. Chicago: World Book, Inc., 2002.

Does Science After All Rule Out A Personal God? Essay

Since time in memorial, science and religion which contains the idea of a personal god and his existence as one of its key pillar aspects, have always depicted an outstanding collide. Many scientific scholars and theologists have been involved in this argument in a bid to defend their different stands. However as long as this heated debate has existed, no answer has evidencial conclusion has been arrived at. For instance, the views contained by Albert eisten and Paul Tillich depict the difference in opinion about this aspect of a personal God. as much as everyone is entitled to his/her own opinion, these opinions and the justification they have do not seem to offer any direction to this long standing debate. Einstein states that there is no personal god. He gives a reason to justify his view stating that he and every other intellect is in a state that he similates to that of a little child getting into a huge study with books written in many different languages. He says this child knows that these books have their authors but he/she does not know and neither does she/he comprehend the books’ arrangement. He concludes that this is the perspective held towards god not only by him but by almost every other human having intelligence. After a comparison he did between the magnanimous relay and arrangement of the cosmos and failure to reconcile these features with the evil and suffering he got in the human’s being, eisteen concluded posing a question , how could an almighty god if at all he is there allow the existence of the suffering that is found on earth? In summing Einstein’s opinion he says that his idea is a childlike. However to him an embrace to the idea would be naive and anthropological . On the other hand theologist Paul Tillich holds a different opinion on the same. he asserts the existence of a personal god describing this being as the stronghold of being and even as the existence itself. Tilich, being a theologian is assertive and upholds the idea that a personal god actually exists despite the occurances that may question the existence of this being in terms of pain ,evil and suffering that exists among the human race. Tillich also states that God’s existence is not an aspect that can be proved or disapproved. In more bids to put more emphasis on his opinion which was commonly upheld by other theologists , Tillich even turned scientific tools into theological instruments. He was utterly committed to attempt put his view in the crystal clearest way that god is beyond essence and existence. Other scholars also involved in this argument like Hartshine say that there is really no sense in trying to find out whether a personal God exists. He however states that if there is existence of a personal God is a possibility then there is a necessity of doing so. In this bid it seems that there is a clear cut between those who agree with Tillich’s argument and those who differ with him. However these efforts are slowly being thwarted as the clock ticks. In a bid to conclude, it should therefore be noted that in spite the numerous argument the fact is, scientists have no evidence to prove that a personal god does not exist. Sources Espanol. Evidence for God from science. Retrieved 23rd October 2008 from : http://www. godandscience. org

Mary Wollstonecrafts Life of Thirty-Eight Years

Dates:  April  27, 1759 -  September 10, 1797 Known for: Mary Wollstonecrafts  A Vindication of the Rights of Woman  is one of the most important documents in the history of womens rights and feminism. The author  herself lived an often-troubled personal life, and her early death of childbed fever cut short her evolving ideas. Her second daughter,  Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley, was Percy Shelleys second wife and author of the book,  Frankenstein. The Power of Experience Mary Wollstonecraft believed that ones life experiences had a crucial impact on ones possibilities and character.  Her own life illustrates this power of experience. Commentators on Mary Wollstonecrafts ideas from her own time until now have looked at the ways in which her own experience influenced her ideas. She handled her own examination of this influence on her own work mostly through fiction and indirect reference. Both those who agreed with Mary Wollstonecraft and detractors have pointed to her up-and-down personal life to explain much about her proposals for womens equality, womens education, and human possibility. For instance, in 1947, Ferdinand Lundberg and Marynia F. Farnham, Freudian psychiatrists, said this about Mary Wollstonecraft: Mary Wollstonecraft hated men. She had every personal reason possible known to psychiatry for hating them. Hers was hatred of creatures she greatly admired and feared, creatures that seemed to her capable of doing everything while women to her seemed capable of doing nothing whatever, in their own nature being pitifully weak in comparison with the strong, lordly male. This analysis follows a sweeping statement saying that Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (these authors also mistakenly substitute Women for Woman in the title) proposes in general, that women should behave as nearly as possible like men. Im not sure how one could make such a statement after actually reading A Vindication, but it leads to their conclusion that Mary Wollstonecraft was an extreme neurotic of a compulsive type... Out of her illness arose the ideology of feminism... [See the Lundberg/Farnham essay reprinted in Carol H. Postons Norton Critical Edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman pp. 273-276.) What were those personal reasons for Mary Wollstonecrafts ideas that her detractors and defenders alike could point to? Mary Wollstonecrafts Early Life Mary Wollstonecraft was born on April 27, 1759. Her father had inherited wealth from his father but spent the entire fortune. He drank heavily and apparently was abusive verbally and perhaps physically. He failed in his many attempts at farming, and when Mary was fifteen, the family moved to Hoxton, a suburb of London. Here Mary met Fanny Blood, to become perhaps her closest friend. The family moved to Wales and then back to London as Edward Wollstonecraft tried to make a living. At nineteen, Mary Wollstonecraft took a position that was one of the few available to middle class educated women: a companion to an older woman. She traveled in England with her charge, Mrs. Dawson, but two years later returned home to attend her mother who was dying. Two years after Marys return, her mother died and her father remarried and moved to Wales. Marys sister Eliza married, and Mary moved in with her friend Fanny Blood and her family, helping to support the family through her needlework -- another of the few routes open to women for economic self-support. Eliza gave birth within another year, and her husband, Meridith Bishop, wrote to Mary and asked that she return to nurse her sister whose mental condition had deteriorated seriously. Marys theory was that Elizas condition was the result of her husbands treatment of her, and Mary helped Eliza leave her husband and arrange a legal separation. Under the laws of the time, Eliza had to leave her young son with his father, and the son died before his first birthday. Mary Wollstonecraft, her sister Eliza Bishop, her friend Fanny Blood and later Marys and Elizas sister Everina turned to another possible means of financial support for themselves and opened a school in Newington Green. It is in Newington Green that Mary Wollstonecraft first met the clergyman Richard Price whose friendship led to meeting many of the liberals among Englands intellectuals. Fanny decided to marry, and, pregnant soon after the marriage, called Mary to be with her in Lisbon for the birth. Fanny and her baby died soon after the premature birth. When Mary Wollstonecraft returned to England, she closed the financially-struggling school and wrote her first book, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters. She then took a position in yet another respectable profession for women of her background and circumstances: governess. After a year of traveling in Ireland and England with the family of her employer, Viscount Kingsborough, Mary was fired by Lady Kingsborough for becoming too close to her charges. And so Mary Wollstonecraft decided that her means of support had to be her writing, and she returned to London in 1787. Mary Wollstonecraft Takes Up Writing From the circle of English intellectuals to whom shed been introduced through Rev. Price, Mary Wollstonecraft had met Joseph Johnson, a leading publisher of the liberal ideas of England. Mary Wollstonecraft wrote and published a novel,  Mary, a Fiction, which was a thinly-disguised novel drawing heavily on her own life. Just before shed written  Mary, a Fiction, shed written to her sister about reading Rousseau, and her admiration for his attempt to portray in fiction the ideas which he believed. Clearly,  Mary, a Fiction  was in part her answer to Rousseau, an attempt to portray the way that a womans limited options and the serious oppression of a woman by circumstances in her life, led her to a bad end. Mary Wollstonecraft also published a childrens book,  Original Stories from Real Life,  again integrating fiction and reality creatively. To further her goal of financial self-sufficiency, she also took on translation and published a translation from French of a book by Jacques Necker. Joseph Johnson recruited Mary Wollstonecraft to write reviews and articles for his journal,  Analytical Review. As part of Johnsons and Prices circles, she met and interacted with many of the great thinkers of the time. Their admiration for the French Revolution was a frequent topic of their discussions. Liberty in the Air Certainly, this was a period of exhilaration for Mary Wollstonecraft. Accepted into circles of intellectuals, beginning to make her living with her own efforts, and expanding her own education through reading and discussion, she had achieved a position in sharp contrast to that of her mother, sister, and friend Fanny. The hopefulness of the liberal circle about the French Revolution and its potentials for liberty and human fulfillment plus her own more secure life are reflected in Wollstonecrafts energy and enthusiasm. In 1791, in London, Mary Wollstonecraft attended a dinner for Thomas Paine hosted by Joseph Johnson. Paine, whose recent  The Rights of Man  had defended the French Revolution, was among the writers Johnson published -- others included Priestley, Coleridge, Blake, and Wordsworth. At this dinner, she met another of the writers for Johnsons  Analytical Review,  William Godwin. His recollection was that the two of them -- Godwin and Wollstonecraft -- immediately took a dislike to each other, and their loud and angry argument over dinner made it nearly impossible for the better-known guests to even attempt conversation. The Rights of Men When Edmund Burke wrote his response to Paines  The Rights of Man, his  Reflections on the Revolution in France, Mary Wollstonecraft published her response,  A Vindication of the Rights of Men. As was common for women writers and with anti-revolutionary sentiment quite volatile in England, she published it anonymously at first, adding her name in 1791 to the second edition. In  A Vindication of the Rights of Men, Mary Wollstonecraft takes exception to one of Burkes points: that chivalry by the more powerful makes unnecessary rights for the less powerful. Illustrating her own argument are examples of the lack of chivalry, not only in practice but embedded in English law. Chivalry was not, for Mary or for many women, their experience of how more powerful men acted towards women. Vindication of the Rights of Woman Later in 1791, Mary Wollstonecraft published  A Vindication of the Rights of Woman,  further exploring issues  of womens education, womens equality, womens status, womens rights and the role of public/private, political/domestic life. Off to Paris After correcting her first edition of the  Vindication of the Rights of Woman  and issuing a second, Wollstonecraft decided to go directly to Paris to see for herself what the French Revolution was evolving towards. Mary Wollstonecraft in France Mary Wollstonecraft arrived in France alone but soon met Gilbert Imlay, an American adventurer. Mary Wollstonecraft, like many of the foreign visitors in France, realized quickly that the Revolution was creating danger and chaos for everyone, and moved with Imlay to a house in the suburbs of Paris. A few months later, when she returned to Paris, she registered at the American Embassy as Imlays wife, though they never actually married. As the wife of an American citizen, Mary Wollstonecraft would be under the protection of the Americans. Pregnant with Imlays child, Wollstonecraft began to realize that Imlays commitment to her was not as strong as she had expected. She followed him to Le Havre and then, after the birth of their daughter, Fanny, followed him to Paris. He returned almost immediately to London, leaving Fanny and Mary alone in Paris. Reaction to the French Revolution Allied with the Girondists of France, she watched in horror as these allies were guillotined. Thomas Paine was imprisoned in France, whose Revolution he had so nobly defended. Writing through this time, Mary Wollstonecraft then published  Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution, documenting her awareness that the revolutions grand hope for human equality was not being fully actualized. Back to England, Off to Sweden Mary Wollstonecraft finally returned to London with her daughter, and there for the first time attempted suicide over her despondency over Imlays inconsistent commitment. Imlay rescued Mary Wollstonecraft from her suicide attempt, and, a few months later, sent her on an important and sensitive business venture to Scandinavia. Mary, Fanny, and her daughters nurse Marguerite traveled through Scandinavia, attempting to track down a ships captain who had apparently absconded with a fortune that was to be traded in Sweden for goods to import past the English blockade of France. She had with her a letter -- with little precedent in the context of 18th century womens status -- giving her legal power of attorney to represent Imlay in attempting to resolve his difficulty with his business partner and with the missing captain. During her time in Scandinavia as she attempted to track down the people involved with the missing gold and silver, Mary Wollstonecraft wrote letters of her observations of the culture and people she met as well as of the natural world. She returned from her trip, and in London discovered that Imlay was living with an actress. She attempted another suicide and was again rescued. Her letters written from her trip, full of emotion as well as passionate political fervor, were published a year after her return, as  Letters Written during a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. Done with Imlay, Mary Wollstonecraft took up writing again, renewed her involvement in the circle of English Jacobins, defenders of the Revolution, and decided to renew one particular old and brief acquaintance. William Godwin: an Unconventional Relationship Having lived with and borne a child to Gilbert Imlay, and having decided to make her living in what was considered a mans profession, Mary Wollstonecraft had learned not to obey convention. So in 1796, she decided, against all social convention, to call upon William Godwin, her fellow  Analytical Review  writer and dinner-party-antagonist, at his home, on  April 14, 1796. Godwin had read her  Letters from Sweden,  and from that book had gained a different perspective on Marys thought. Where hed formerly found her too rational and distant and critical, he now found her emotionally deep and sensitive. His own natural optimism, which had reacted against her seemingly-natural pessimism, found a different Mary Wollstonecraft in the  Letters  -- in their appreciation of nature, their keen insights into a different culture, their exposition of the character of the people shed met. If ever there was a book calculated to make a man in love with its author, this appears to me to be the book, Godwin wrote later. Their friendship deepened quickly into a love affair, and by August they were lovers. Marriage By next March, Godwin and Wollstonecraft faced a dilemma. Theyd both written and spoken in principle against the idea of marriage, which was at that time a legal institution in which women lost legal existence, subsumed legally in their husbands identity. Marriage as a legal institution was far from their ideals of loving companionship. But Mary was pregnant with Godwins child, and so on March 29, 1797, they married. Their daughter, named  Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, was born on August 30 -- and on September 10, Mary Wollstonecraft died of septicemia -- blood poisoning known as childbed fever. After Her Death Mary Wollstonecrafts last year with Godwin had, however, not been spent in domestic activities alone -- they had, in fact, maintained separate residences so that both could continue their writing. Godwin published in January 1798, several of Marys works that shed been working on before her unexpected death. He published a volume  The Posthumous Works  along with his own  Memoirs  of Mary. Unconventional to the end, Godwin in his  Memoirs  was brutally honest about the circumstances of Marys life -- her love affair with and betrayal by Imlay, her daughter Fannys illegitimate birth, her suicide attempts in her despondency over Imlays unfaithfulness and failure to live up to her ideals of commitment. These details of Wollstonecrafts life, in the cultural reaction to the French Revolutions failure, resulted in her near-neglect by thinkers and writers for decades, and scathing reviews of her work by others. Mary Wollstonecrafts death itself was used to disprove claims of womens equality. Rev. Polwhele, who attacked Mary Wollstonecraft and other women authors, wrote that she died a death that strongly marked the distinction of the sexes, by pointing out the destiny of women, and the diseases to which they are liable. And yet, such susceptibility to death in childbirth was not something Mary Wollstonecraft had been unaware of, in writing her novels and political analysis. In fact, her friend Fannys early death, her mothers and her sisters precarious positions as wives to abusive husbands, and her own troubles with Imlays treatment of her and their daughter, she was quite aware of such distinction -- and based her arguments for equality in part on the need to transcend and do away with such inequities. Mary Wollstonecrafts final novel  Maria, or the Wrongs of Woman,  published by Godwin after her death, is a new attempt to explain her ideas about the unsatisfactory position of women in contemporary society, and therefore justify her ideas for reform. As Mary Wollstonecraft had written in 1783, just after her novel  Mary  was published, she herself recognized that it is a tale, to illustrate an opinion of mine, that a genius will educate itself. The two novels and Marys life illustrate that circumstances will limit the opportunities for expression -- but that genius will work to educate itself. The ending is not necessarily going to be happy because the limitations that society and nature place on human development may be too strong to overcome all attempts at self-fulfillment -- yet the self has incredible power to work to overcome those limits. What more could be achieved if such limits were reduced or removed! Experience and Life Mary Wollstonecrafts life was filled with both depths of unhappiness and struggle, and peaks of achievement and happiness. From her early exposure to abuse of women and the dangerous possibilities of marriage and childbirth to her later blossoming as an accepted intellect and thinker, then her sense of being betrayed by both Imlay and the French Revolution followed by her association in a happy, productive and relationship with Godwin, and finally by her sudden and tragic death, Mary Wollstonecrafts experience and her work were intimately tied together, and illustrate her own conviction that experience cannot be neglected in philosophy and literature. Mary Wollstonecrafts exploration -- cut short by her death -- of the integration of sense and reason, imagination and thought -- looks toward 19th century thought, and was part of the movement from Enlightenment to Romanticism. Mary Wollstonecrafts ideas on public versus private life, politics and domestic spheres, and men and women were, though too often neglected, nevertheless important influences on the thought and development of philosophy and political ideas that resonate even today. More About Mary Wollstonecraft Mary Wollstonecraft Quotations  - key quotations from Mary Wollstonecrafts workJudith Sargent Murray  - a contemporary feminist, from AmericaOlympe de Gouges  - a contemporary feminist, from FranceMary Wollstonecraft Shelley  - Mary Wollstonecrafts daughter, author of  Frankenstein

The Abolitionist Movement. The Abolitionist Movement Started

The Abolitionist Movement The Abolitionist movement started around the 1830s and lasted until 1865. This movement was a huge step toward our country’s future, attempting to end slavery and racial discrimination. People like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Beecher Stowe persuaded others in their cause and elected those with the same views as them in political positions. William Lloyd Garrison started an abolitionist newspaper called the Liberator, Frederick Douglas also wrote a newspaper, called the North Star, and Harriet Beecher Stowe published a novel called â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin.† These advocates, while they did not cause the Civil War, they contributed to this war by bringing attention to one of the country’s†¦show more content†¦These different views allowed people to view slavery from a new perspective. Many people who were proslavery soon felt sorry for their actions and saw their actions as a sin. William Lloyd Garrison, a white man from Massachusetts became a part of the anti-slavery movement, or abolitionist movement, in 1830. Right away, William Lloyd Garrison published a weekly paper called the Liberator, which directly stated the need for â€Å"immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves.† William Lloyd Garrison saw that the only way that slavery could end was by persuading those who would read his pieces. Garrison realized the only way to prove how bad slavery is, was to show how immoral and unjust it was for there to be slavery in our country. He felt so strongly about his views, e once burned a copy of the Constitution because this documented stated the right to own slaves. Garrisons paper had received very harsh responses and many states wanted to charge against Garrison for a felonious crime and would reward others who found those who distributed his paper. (28a. William Lloyd Garrison and The Liberator) The reason why Garrison had received such severe reactions from people was because of his non-government theories and his idea that the government was a form of compromise, explaining how slavery would not end with compromise. He also wrote in the Liberator and â€Å"denounced the Compromise of 1850, condemned theShow MoreRelatedThe American Abolitionists Book Review Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesHarrold Stanley, American Abolitionists is a book that scrutinizes the movement of abolishing slavery in the United States. It examines the movement from its origin in the 18century in the course of the Civil War and the elimination of slavery in 1856. American Abolitionists book focuses on the American Abolitionists who struggled to end slavery and advocated for equal rights for all African Americans in the United States. 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They tried to use the abolitionist movement as a way to also gain equal rights for a women as there seemed to beRead MoreAnother Leader, James Birney, Was A Powerful Abolitionists1550 Words   |  7 Pages Another leader, James Birney, was a powerful abolitionists leader and â€Å"he believed that political action and the power of religion were the keys to ending slavery,† and his proposal, â€Å"proposed measures that would allow the legislature to emancipate slaves and prohibit selling slaves brought into the state,† allowed for him to be known as, â€Å"one of the nation’s most prominent abolitionists† (American Experience†). James Birney was also the Liberty Party’s presidential candidate during the 1840 toRead MoreWomen s Rights And Abolitionist Movement Essay985 Words   |  4 PagesThe Beginning of Women’s Rights Abolitionist Movement Women’s Rights Abolitionists Back in the nineteenth century men and women were not treated equally as they are now. 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The rights that we as Americans enjoy today can be credited to the people who fought for more rights and a better way of life. Two reform movements that have changed America for the better are the Abolitionist Movement and the Civil Rights Movement. Around the 1820’s the feeling of legal slavery was changing in the United States. The southRead MoreThe Amistad Case Of American History923 Words   |  4 Pageslegal; therefore they should be returned to their home land on Africa. The abolitionists became very involved in this case. The abolitionists were a group of Americans that wanted to end the practice of slavery in the United States. The abolitionists started their movement somewhere around 1820†s. The main idea of the movement was that slavery was a sinful practice. The way the movement gain momentum during this time was the printing of pamphlets one such pamphlet was called theRead MoreFrederick Douglass : African American Freedom Struggle888 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 1860’s with the help of the abolitionist movement. Before becoming a famous spokesman Douglass was just like every other African American slave, attempting to find a way to freedom. Douglass’ runaway slave status quickly changed when abolitionist bought his freedom in hopes to strengthen the abolitionist movement. Since abolitionists were able to recognize Douglass’ intellectual abilities it made him a key aspect towards the success in the abolitionist move ment, African American community, andRead MoreEssay On The Abolitionist Movement807 Words   |  4 Pagestheir development. These changes include the Temperance movement, the Abolitionist movement, the Second Awakening, trading and the start of the Industrial Revolution. With these events impacting social development, America developed a strong identity. The Second Awakening is a movement that begins in 1800. This movement had different movements that lead up to the â€Å"Awakening†. These ideas included â€Å"Temperance movement, Abolitionist movement, and Women’s suffrage.† The start of the Second Awakening

Essay on The Role of Education in Modern Society - 723 Words

The Role of Education in Modern Society Functionalism is based on the notion of social consensus. They see society as consisting of distinguishable parts. All these parts have a clear role, which is to fulfil functions, which keeps the society whole and orderly. As applied to education, functionalists view the education system as fulfilling the important function of socialisation. E.g. the curriculum taught at school should reflect the common culture to ensure that pupils, who are all members of society, will act out their particular roles in society’s interests. According to the functionalist, education also transmits society’s norms and values, which promotes value consensus. Not only do†¦show more content†¦Education, according to Durkheim, provides this link between the individual and society. Durkheim also argues that in complex industrial societies, the school serves a function, which cannot be provided by family or friends. This taught in school, where the pupils must interact with other pupils in terms of a fixed set of rules. By teaching this it will prepare pupils for interacting with other members of society in terms of the society’s rules. Durkheim also believes that existing school rules should be strictly enforced as it teaches pupils not to act out against the interests of the social group as a whole. Hargreaves agrees with Durkheim on this matter. He has criticised contemporary schools for placing too much stress in developing the individual and not enough on the duties and responsibilities towards group life. Hargreaves argues that these schools fail to produce a sense of dignity for working class pupils, which may lead to the failure to develop a sense of belonging within schools, which can then lead to pupils forming subcultures that reject the values of schools and therefore those of the wider society Another functionalist that has given his view is Parsons. 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The aspirations and morals of modern society do not entirely rely on social issues such as love, family, and success but rather on industrial progress and social development. According to Huxley, technological improvement and growth are critical factors that shape the operation and activities in modern society. So far, community members need to observe the world as technologicallyRead More Compare, Contrast and Evaluate the Sociological Perspectives on the Ro1259 Words   |  6 Pages The role of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare and qualify them for work in the economy as well as helping to integrate individuals into society and teach them the norms, values and morals of society. Yet there are three sociological theories that differ greatly between them on the role of education. 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Supply Chain Management Chain Relation Management

Question: Describe about the Supply Chain Management for Chain Relation Management. Answer: The Bullwhip effect and Management related to Supply Chain relation with Example. The bullwhip effect can be defined as supply chain problem whereby there is variance detected between order made to producer and supplier and sales made to final customers. In context to supply chain the irregularity in the lower level lead to more critical issue in the higher level and impact the smooth flow of the process. The bullwhip effect lead to either over estimation or under estimation in the demand of product and the end is fluctuation. This effect of bullwhip may be as towards occurrence detected with supply chain explained wherein the orders provided to manufacturers and that of the supplier creates the variance larger as compared to end customer sales. The lower level problem identified in the supply chain process hint at more critical problem in the higher level related with demand and supply (Carranza Torres and Villegas MoraÃÅ' n, 2006). The variance thus may interrupt the process of supply chain smoothness as every link that are existing in supply chain shall either underestimate or overestimate the demand of the product that happens to result in the fluctuations those are exaggerated. Factors contributing towards bullwhip effect There are various factors contributing towards supply chain process relating to bullwhip effect. The factors such as disorganization in every link in supply chain process with either smaller or larger ordering of production amounts than required. The additional factors like communication lack, policies related to free return, the order batching, variations in price and demand information also contribute to this bullwhip effect. Example of Bullwhip effect The customer actual demand for product is 8 units, then the retailer from distributor might order 10 units to ensure these 2 units extra for not running stock out in the floor. The supplier from manufacturer then order the 20 units towards allowing for bulk buy to endure enough stock while shipment to retailer. The manufacturer order 40 units to ensure in meeting demand of product the economies of scale. These 40 units produced for 8 units demand means retailer to increase demand requires price lowering or finding with advertising and marketing more of customers. Integration of SCM with SAP helping to eliminate the bullwhip effect SAP is an enterprise resource planning (ERP) software that helps to integrate the various function of the company like production, material management, sales and distribution, finance and costing, human resource, customer relationship management (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM). Thus, real time information can be shared and exchanged between various function. In context to SCM the integration leads to demand signal of consumer that enable supply chain management driven by demand (Tarn, Yen, and Beaumont, 2002). It helps in enhancing the network visibility of demand by optimizing the short term forecast of demand. With regard to the perspective of demand planning it is now possible for SCM planners to make a comparison of the traditional demand forecast consensus against the statistical point of sale forecast and it facilitate the true demand of consumer supported by real time correction. With regard to the perspective of demand network it is now possible for the managers forecasting the demand to visualize the demand network completely now. This is possible as the manager is able to get real time information from stores inventory management, distribution centre of retailer and point of consumption (Tarn, Yen, and Beaumont, 2002). This integrated real time information related with the supply chain management (SCM) supported with SAP enhance the visibility and help to eliminate the bullwhip effect. Thus by using the integration of SCM with SAP helps to eliminate the bullwhip effect and provide the below benefits that will flow through the entire supply chain management of the company (Piccoli, 2012). This SAP enabled supply chain extends the network visibility of demand beyond the SCM of the company and thereby leads to inventory optimization. Minimize the sakes opportunities loss related with the out of stock common in the traditional system. This efficiency in operation of SCM enhances the profitability. Power and Trust in Supply Chain Management Trust is dependability between the partners by being reliable to the words fostered by management. The relationship between manufacturer and retailer has to be supported by shelf positions linked with the product. When a partner crosses the line of faith the relationship broke as the action is impacting both. For instance Japanese manufacturers generate high level of trust than European companies (Kumar, 1996). An important situation governing their relationship is benefits generated from both the parties by being committed to each other. When conducting survey the result suggested that retailers who trust manufacturers produce around 78% of sales at higher level in comparison to others. In simple terms it acts as reservoir that helps in preserving a relationship by building goodwill. The retailers who trust manufacturer retaliate on not looking into the product line of manufacturer. Alternatively, it helps in realizing the individuals their potential by sharing confidential information related to business. At last trust is capturing both minds and heart by channeling the partners for believing in each other for long-term (Bigne and Blesa, 2003). Similarly, as the industries are expanding the power between retailer and manufacturer are shifting by its virtue and nature. Companies use their strength for being powerful but, the fear is on how they will manage relationships. When organizations are established huge or small investments are required so exploiting power is not a good option for long term sustenance. The power changes its position so attracting unfair concession is not right in case of big companies like Procter and Gamble. The organizations might exploit others like retailers may form an association or group, acquisition etc. for counteracting with power. Hence, the game of trust and power is different as per nature. Power develops fear and trust builds interdependence so both have to be used as per the condition (Kumar, 1996). Trust based or the power based relationship leading to better outcomes With the industries that are diverse like the consumer-packaged goods, the pharmaceuticals, the apparel, the hardware, the power balance is shifting among the retailers and the manufacturers. This specialty superstores rise with the buying alliances formation along with consolidation wave related to acquisitions and mergers makes the retailers in small numbers that presently controls the larger consumer numbers. Thus with the trust and the power relationship in the area with manufacturers who earlier controlled the retailers find in present times the mega retailers holding upper hand. Yes, it is believed that trust and power are important for managing a relationship effectively for a better outcome. The communication between the parties should be of bilateral nature that works in two ways just like Marks and Spencer. The company encourages its suppliers to be frank and active by helping in finding weakness as it builds healthy relationship. When a party is powerful the way of handling its channel partners is identical in nature. The companies are moving their relationships by transforming it to channel partnership base for making transition. In trust game attitude, management system, people and culture are different than in power game (Bigne and Blesa, 2003). With respect to the YouTube video of Wal-Mart it is established that the trust based relationship lead to better outcomes compared to the power based relationship. The company achieved the trust of customers by providing the best product at the cheapest price and created a retail revolution in the US market. Similarly its acquisition of ASDA in the UK market was under the same concept (Davenport, 2006). The major benefits of this trust based relationship with regard to Wal- Mart are Cheapest price from supplier based on the size of the retail chain that is the largest in the world. Multiple suppliers providing different products. Lowest price promise to customers. Brand awareness of Wal-Mart in the domestic and global market. References Bigne, E. and Blesa, A. (2003). Market orientation, trust and satisfaction in dyadic relationships:a manufacturerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ retailer analysis.Intl J of Retail Distrib Mgt, 31(11), pp.574-590. Carranza Torres, O. and Villegas MoraÃÅ' n, F. (2006).The bullwhip effect in supply chains. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. Davenport, T.H., 2006. Competing on analytics. harvard business review, 84(1), p.98. Kumar, N. (1996).The Power of Trust in Manufacturer-Retailer Relationships. [online] hbr.org. Available at: https://hbr.org/1996/11/the-power-of-trust-in-manufacturer-retailer-relationships [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Piccoli, G., 2012. Essentials of Information Systems for Managers: Text Only. Wiley Publishing. Tarn, J.M., Yen, D.C. and Beaumont, M., 2002. Exploring the rationales for ERP and SCM integration. Industrial Management Data Systems, 102(1), pp.26-34.

Monsoon Maladies Essay Example

Monsoon Maladies Essay Monsoon maladies – Enemies in the Rain Monsoon brings with it the much-awaited relief from the long spell of sultry, scorching summer. When the season of rains people are all set to enjoy it to the hilt irrespective of their age. There are people whose idea of enjoying the drizzle is gorging on their favorite ‘pakoras’ and ‘chai’, while watching the lovely weather from the comfort of their homes. while there are also people who want to go out and enjoy the season dancing in the rain. Children love to jump on the logged waters, splash it on each other and sail paper boats. All these are such merry-making thoughts. However the cooling showers bring with them an increased susceptibility to a lot of diseases that are peculiar to the monsoon. It is time we get our safeguards ready and gear ourselves up to face monsoon in its full glory. Doctors have said that this cool climate contributes to the survival of the ultramicroscopic infectious agents in the environment. Children are the most susceptible to these diseases. In India, cities are developing haphazardly thereby causing lack of sewage facilities and adequate drainage system; due to unhygienic and poor sanitation conditions the diseases are striking. The residents are drinking contaminated water due to leakages in the drinking water lines. Diseases that are spread during monsoon are basically water borne and gastrointestinal infections. Typhoid and Diarrhea are common. Accumulation of water on the roads promotes the growth of the mosquitoes causing malaria and dengue. Also diseases like dryness, spasmodic pain, high blood pressure, gas formation and gastric disturbances occur frequently. Also one comes across cases of fever and coughs and colds. Here are top 6 sinister monsoon-related diseases which we shall broadly explore: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Monsoon Maladies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Monsoon Maladies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Monsoon Maladies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fever 2. Common cold 3. Malaria 4. Dengue fever 5. Diarrhea 6. Typhoid What is a fever? Fever is the most common phenomena observed during monsoon. Right from an infant to an old man, anyone can be its victim. Fever refers to an elevation in body temperature. Technically, any body temperature above the normal oral measurement of 98. 6 F (37 C) or the normal rectal temperature of 99 F (37. 2 C) is considered to be elevated. However, these are averages, and ones normal body temperature may actually be 1 F (0. 6 C) or more above or below the average of 98. F. Body temperature can also vary up to 1 F (0. 6 C) throughout the day. Fever is not considered medically significant until body temperature is above 100. 4 F (38 C). Anything above normal but below 100. 4 F (38 C) is considered a low-grade fever. Fever serves as one of the bodys natural defenses against bacteria and viruses which cannot live at a higher temperature. For that reason, low fevers should normally go untreated, unless ac companied by troubling symptoms. Also, the bodys defense mechanisms seem to work more efficiently at a higher temperature. Fever is just one part of an illness, many times no more important than the presence of other symptoms such as cough, sore throat, fatigue, joint pains or aches, chills, nausea, etc. Fever of 104 Fahrenheit or higher in adults demand immediate home treatment and subsequent medical attention. Such high fever can result in delirium and convulsions, particularly in infants and children. Fever should not be confused with hyperthermia, which is a defect in bodys response to heat (thermoregulation), which can also raise the body temperature. This is usually caused by external sources such as being in a hot environment. Signs and symptoms There are different symptoms of a fever. The symptoms of a fever depend on what is causing it. Sometimes a fever can cause a chill. A chill occurs because when the brain raises the bodys thermostat, the body responds by shivering to raise the temperature. Shivering produces heat in the body. Once the temperature goes up, the person often feels warm. When the fever goes away, the person may start to sweat. Viral fever can remain for 3 to 4 days. The symptoms are: †¢ fever headache †¢ nose flow †¢ joint pain †¢ muscular pain Risks during a Fever The main risk of mild or moderate fevers is dehydration. When a person has a fever, they need more fluids than usual. A fever greater than 106 degrees Fahrenheit can result in brain damage and possibly death. Fevers greater than 106 degrees are very unusual. Diagnosis A thermometer is used to measure the body temperature. The te mperature can be taken in the mouth, rectum, ear, or under the arm. Generally, hands amp; foot of children remain cold during fever, but their forehead amp; stomach remains hot. What is the treatment for a fever? Generally, if the fever does not cause discomfort, the fever itself need not be treated. It is not necessary to awaken an adult or child to treat a fever unless instructed to do so by your health-care practitioner. The following fever-reducing medications may be used at home: * Ibuprofen can also be used to break a fever in patients over 6 months of age. Discuss the best dose with your doctor. For adults, 400-600 mg can be used every six hours. * Aspirin and Paracetamol should not be used for fever in children or adolescents. Aspirin use in children and adolescents during a viral illness causes prolonged vomiting, confusion, and even coma and liver failure. An individual with a fever should be kept comfortable and not overdressed. Overdressing can cause the temperature to rise further. Tepid water [30 C] baths are a home remedy that may help bring down a fever. When and how to keep water bands If the fever is up to 100 degree, then it can be cured at home by using water bands. One should use normal water for bands. The bands get hot after keeping on the body, so keep them for just a minute. If the whole body is warm along with the forehead, then sponge the whole body with cloth squeezed from normal water. Prevention Fever cannot be prevented in almost 99% cases. However, a good nutrition can prevent it to an extent. When should one seek medical care for a fever? 1. Any child below 3 months of age who has a temperature of 100. 4 F (38 C) or greater should be seen by a physician or other health-care worker. 2. If a child or adult has a history or diagnosis of cancer, AIDS, or other serious illness, such as heart disease, diabetes, or is taking drugs, medical care should be sought for a fever. . Otherwise, observe the person with the fever. If they appear sick or have symptoms that would suggest a major illness, such as meningitis, urinary tract infection, pneumonia or any other signs of a serious illness, doctor should be consulted. 4. Other symptoms that may be indicative of a severe illness include repeated vomiting, severe diarrhea, or skin rashes 5. Fever blisters are small blisters that turn into ulcers, usually on the lips, mouth or tongue that are caused by a virus. When a child contracts this virus for the first time, the symptoms and the fever blisters can be quite severe. . On the other hand, if the fever accompanies a simple cold or virus, then the fever is only a symptom of the illness. But if there are other associated symptoms that are bothersome, doctor should be consulted. 7. Some vaccines given in childhood can cause a low-grade fever within a day or two of getting the injection. This fever is usually self-limited and short-lived. If the reaction seems severe or the skin at the injection site is red, hot, and painful, doctor’s help is needed. Fever at a Glance Although a fever could be considered any body temperature above the normal 98. 6 F (37 C), medically, a person is not considered to have a significant fever until the temperature is above 100. 4 F (38. 0 C). * Most fever is beneficial, causes no prob lems, and helps the body fight off infections. The main reason for treating a fever is to increase comfort. * Children under 3 months of age with a temperature of 100. 4 F (38. 0 C) or greater should be seen by a health-care provider. They may be quite ill and not show any signs or symptoms besides a fever. Infants less than 6 weeks of age should be seen immediately by their doctor. * Ibuprofen can be used to treat a fever. Aspirin and Paracetamol should not be used in children or adolescents to control fever. What is the common cold? This is the most common disease that catches people cutting across age lines. You get wet and you’ve got it. Though it is difficult to forgo the temptation of dancing in the rain, this joy is likely to get you common cold. Common cold is observed during the initial period of monsoon due to the sudden change in weather. The common cold, also known as a viral upper respiratory tract infection, is a self-limited contagious illness that can be caused by a number of different types of viruses The common cold is the most frequently occurring illness in India, and it is a leading cause of doctor visits and missed days from school and work. Causes More than 200 different types of viruses are known to cause the common cold. Because so many different viruses can cause a cold and because new cold viruses constantly develop, the body never builds up resistance against all of them. For this reason, colds are a frequent and recurring problem. In fact, children in preschool and elementary school can have three to 12 colds per year while adolescents and adults typically have two to four colds per year. Symptoms Symptoms of the common cold usually begin 2 to 3 days after infection and often include: * Mucus buildup in your nose * Difficulty breathing through your nose * Swelling of your sinuses * Sneezing * Sore throat * Cough * Headache Fever is usually slight but can climb to 102 degrees Fahrenheit in infants and young children. Cold symptoms can last from 2 to 14 days, but like most people, you’ll probably recover in a week. If symptoms recur often or last much longer than 2 weeks, you might have an allergy rather than a cold. How does common cold spread? The common cold is usually spread by direct hand-to-hand contact with infected secretions or from contaminated surfaces. For example, if a person with a cold blows or touches their nose and then touches someone else, that person can subsequently become infected with the virus. Additionally, a cold virus can live on objects such as pens, books, telephones, computer keyboards, and coffee cups for several hours and can thus be acquired from contact with these objects. What is the difference between the common cold and influenza (the flu)? Many people confuse the common cold with influenza (the flu). Influenza is caused by the influenza virus, while the common cold generally is not. While some of the symptoms of the common cold and influenza may be similar, patients with the common cold typically have a milder illness. Patients with influenza are usually sicker and have a more abrupt onset of illness with fever, chills, headache, body aches, dry cough, and extreme weakness. Though differentiating between the common cold and influenza can be difficult, there is laboratory testing available to confirm the diagnoses of influenza. Treatment There is no cure for the common cold. Home treatment is directed at alleviating the symptoms associated with the common cold and allowing this self-limiting illness to run its course. But one can get relief from your cold symptoms by: * Resting in bed. Drinking plenty of fluids. * Gargling with warm salt water or using throat sprays or lozenges for a scratchy or sore throat. * Cough drops and cough syrups * Using petroleum jelly for a raw nose. * Saline sprays and a humidifier may also be beneficial. Are antibiotics a suitable treatment for the common cold? Antibiotics play no role in treating the common cold. Antibiotics are effective only against illnesses caused by bacteria, and colds are caused by viruses. Not only do antibiotics not help, but they can also cause allergic reactions that can be fatal (1:40,000). Furthermore, using antibiotics when they are not necessary has led to the growth of several strains of common bacteria that have become resistant to certain antibiotics). For these and other reasons, it is important to limit the use of antibiotics to situations in which they are medically indicated. Though occasionally a bacterial infection, such as sinusitis or a middle ear infection can develop following a cold, treatment with antibiotics should be left at the discretion of your physician or health-care practitioner. When should a doctor or other health-care practitioner be consulted? Generally speaking, the common cold can be treated at home and managed with over-the-counter medications. However, if one develops more severe symptoms such as shaking chills, high fever (greater than 102 F), severe headache or neck stiffness, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing or chest pain, physician or health-care practitioner should be consulted immediately. If there are sore throat and a fever with no other cold symptoms, then one should be seen by your physician. This illness may be strep throat, a bacterial infection requiring treatment with antibiotics. Finally, if one notices facial pain or yellow/green drainage from your nose accompanied by a fever, it is possible that they have a sinus infection (sinusitis) that would benefit from a medical evaluation and a possible course of antibiotics. Prevention The most important measure to prevent the common cold is frequent hand washing, as this can destroy viruses that you have acquired from touching contaminated surfaces. Also, try to avoid sharing utensils and try to use disposable items (such as disposable cups) if someone in your family has a cold. Finally, lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation and stress management may decrease your susceptibility to acquiring the common cold. Common Cold at a Glance * The common cold is caused by many different viruses. * Being in cold weather does not cause the common cold. * There are effective over-the-counter medications for treatment of the common cold. * Antibiotics do not help the common cold. * The common cold can generally be managed at home. What is Malaria? Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite, Plasmodium, which infects red blood cells. Malaria is characterized by cycles of chills, fever, pain and sweating. Historical records suggest malaria has infected humans since the beginning of mankind. The name mal aria (meaning bad air in Italian) was first used in English in 1740 by H. Walpole when describing the disease. In 1889, R. Ross discovered that mosquitoes transmitted malaria. Of the four species of malaria, the most serious type is Plasmodium falciparum malaria. It can be life-threatening. The other three species of malaria (P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale) are generally less serious and are not life-threatening. Malaria is still a very deadly disease that affects many areas of the world, including India. Malaria is spread by parasite-carrying mosquitoes. Malaria causes fever, chills, sweats, headache, body ache, nausea, vomiting and fatigue. How is malaria transmitted? The life cycle of the parasite is complicated and involves two hosts, humans and Anopheles mosquitoes. The disease is transmitted to humans when an infected Anopheles mosquito bites a person and injects the malaria parasites (sporozoites) into the blood. Sporozoites travel through the bloodstream to the liver, mature, and eventually infect the human red blood cells. While in red blood cells, the parasites again develop until a mosquito takes a blood meal from an infected human and ingests human red blood cells containing the parasites. Then the parasites reach the Anopheles mosquitos stomach and eventually invade the mosquito salivary glands. When an Anopheles mosquito bites a human, these sporozoites complete and repeat the complex Plasmodium life cycle. P. ovale and P. vivax can further complicate the cycle by producing dormant stages (hypnozoites) that may not develop for weeks to years. Symptoms Symptoms of malaria can begin as early as six to eight days after a bite by an infected mosquito. They include: * High fever (up to 105 degrees Fahrenheit) with shaking chills * Profuse sweating when the fever suddenly drops * Fatigue * Headache * Muscle aches * Abdominal discomfort * Nausea, vomiting * Feeling faint when you stand up or sit up quickly Incubation period The period between the mosquito bite and the onset of the malarial illness is usually one to three weeks (seven to 21 days). This initial time period is highly variable as reports suggest that the range of incubation periods may range from four days to one year. The usual incubation period may be increased when a person has taken an inadequate course of malaria prevention medications. Certain types of malaria (P. vivax and P. ovale) parasites can also take much longer, as long as eight to 10 months, to cause symptoms. These parasites remain dormant (inactive or hibernating) in the liver cells during this time. Unfortunately, some of these dormant parasites can remain even after a patient recovers from malaria, so the patient can get sick again. This situation is termed relapsing malaria. Treatment Three main factors determine treatments: * The infecting species of Plasmodium parasite * the clinical situation of the patient (for example, adult, child, or pregnant female with either mild or severe malaria) * The drug susceptibility of the infecting parasites. Drug susceptibility is determined by the geographic area where the infection was acquired. Different areas of India have malaria types that are resistant to certain medications. The correct drugs for each type of malaria must be prescribed by a doctor who is familiar with malaria treatment protocols. Since people infected with P. falciparum malaria can die (often because of delayed treatment), immediate treatment for P. falciparum malaria is necessary. Mild malaria can be treated with oral medication; severe malaria requires intravenous (IV) drug treatment and fluids. Drug treatment of malaria is not always easy. There are specialized labs that can test the patients parasites for resistance, but this is not done frequently. Consequently, treatment is usually based on the majority of Plasmodium species diagnosed and its general drug-resistance pattern for the country. Is malaria a particular problem during pregnancy? Yes. Malaria may pose a serious threat to a pregnant woman and her pregnancy. Malaria infection in pregnant women may be more severe than in women who are not pregnant. Malaria may also increase the risk of problems with the pregnancy, including prematurity, abortion, and stillbirth. Treatment of malaria in the pregnant female is similar to the usual treatment described above Is malaria a particular problem for children? Yes. All children, including young infants, living in or traveling to malaria-risk areas should take anti-malarial drugs. Although the recommendations for most anti-malarial drugs are the same as for adults, it is crucial to use the correct dosage for the child. The dosage of drug depends on the age and weight of the child. Since an overdose of an anti-malarial drug can be fatal, all anti-malarial (and all other) drugs should be stored in childproof containers well out of the childs reach. How can one keep from getting malaria? If you are traveling to an area known to have malaria, find out which medications you need to take, and take them as prescribed. Current CDC recommendations suggest individuals begin taking anti-malarial drugs about one to two weeks before traveling to a malaria infested area and for four weeks after leaving the area. Your doctor, travel clinic, or the health department can advise you as to what medicines to take to keep from getting malaria. Currently, there is no vaccine available for malaria, but researchers are trying to develop one. Precautions If possible, avoid travel to or through countries where malaria occurs. If you must go to areas where malaria occurs, take the prescribed preventive medicine. In addition, the 2008 CDC international travel recommendations suggest the following precautions be taken in malaria infested areas: * Avoid exposure to mosquitoes during the early morning and early evening hours between the hours of dusk and dawn (the hours of greatest mosquito activity). * Wear appropriate clothing (long-sleeved shirts and long pants, for examples) especially when you are outdoors. * Apply insect repellent to the exposed skin. The CDC recommended insect repellent should contains up to 50% DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), which is the most effective mosquito repellent for adults and children over 2 months of age. Spray mosquito repellents on clothing to prevent mosquitoes from biting through thin clothing. * Use a permethrin-coated (or similar repellant) mosquito net over your all beds. * Have screens over cover windows and doors. * Spray permethrin or a similar insecticide in the bedroom before going to bed. Malaria at a Glance * Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite, Plasmodium, which infects red blood cells. * The life cycle involves two hosts, humans and Anopheles mosquitoes. * Fever at regular intervals, bouts of shivering, muscle pain and weakness are the symptoms that a patient shows while suffering from Malaria. The incubation period is usually one to three weeks * Since this disease is spread by mosquitoes, so mosquito repellents and nets should be used to prevent it. Also make sure that water does not stagnate in your area as mosquitoes breed in stagnant water. What is dengue fever? Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes. Dengue is caused by the biting of female Aedes Aegypti mosquito. These mosquitoes have stripes like tiger on their body. They bite in the day time, esp. in the morning. Den gue strikes people with low levels of immunity. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus, it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However, an attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular serotype to which the patient was exposed. Dengue goes by other names, including breakbone or dandy fever. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a more severe form of the viral illness. Types of dengue It’s of three types: †¢ Classical (Normal) Dengue †¢ Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) †¢ Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) When it spreads Dengue spreads mostly in the months of July to October because this season has favorable conditions for their flourish. How is dengue fever contracted? The virus is contracted from the bite of a striped Aedes aegypti mosquito that has previously bitten an infected person. The mosquito flourishes during rainy seasons but can breed in water-filled flower pots, plastic bags, and cans year-round. One mosquito bite can inflict the disease. The virus is not contagious and cannot be spread directly from person to person. There must be a person-to-mosquito-to-another-person pathway. How it spreads Dengue virus spreads very fast in the blood of dengue patient. When any dengue mosquito bits such dengue patient and sucks his blood, then the dengue virus enters in his (mosquito) body also. Thereafter, when such mosquito bites any other person, then that person also get infected with the dengue virus. Symptoms and Signs After being bitten by a mosquito carrying the virus, the incubation period ranges from three to 15 (usually five to eight) days before the signs and symptoms of dengue appear. Classical Dengue Fever The infection period can be of 5 to 10 days. The fever can be identified with the help of following symptoms. †¢ Sudden high fever after feeling old. Headache, muscular pain, joint pain. †¢ Pain in the back area of eyes which increases with the movement of eyes. †¢ Extreme weakness, loss of appetite, vomiting sensation, loss of taste. †¢ Mild pain in throat. †¢ Rashes of pinkish red color on the body, esp. face, neck and chest. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) †¢ Bleeding from nose and gums. †¢ Blood in vomit or stool. †¢ Spots of blackish blue color on skin. Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) This fever some symptoms of ‘shock’ in addition to the symptoms of DHF, like: †¢ the patient feels very restless and his skin remains cold in spite of high fever. †¢ He loses consciousness slowly. The pulse rate keeps on fluctuating. Blood pressure falls down. Treatment Because dengue fever is caused by a virus, there is no specific medicine or antibiotic to treat it. For typical dengue, the treatment is purely concerned with relief of the symptoms (symptomatic). Rest and fluid intake for adequate hydration is important. Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should only be taken under a doctors supervision because of the possibility of worsening hemorrhagic complications. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and codeine may be given for severe headache and for the joint and muscle pain (myalgia). Prevention The transmission of the virus to mosquitoes must be interrupted to prevent the illness. To this end, patients are kept under mosquito netting until the second bout of fever is over and they are no longer contagious. The prevention of dengue requires control or eradication of the mosquitoes carrying the virus that causes dengue. In nations plagued by dengue fever, people are urged to empty stagnant water from old tires, trash cans, and flower pots. Governmental initiatives to decrease mosquitoes also help to keep the disease in check but have been poorly effective. To prevent mosquito bites, wear long pants and long sleeves. For personal protection, use mosquito repellant sprays that contain DEET when visiting places where dengue is endemic. Limiting exposure to mosquitoes by avoiding standing water and staying indoors two hours after sunrise and before sunset will help. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a daytime biter with peak periods of biting around sunrise and sunset. It may bite at any time of the day and is often hidden inside homes or other dwellings, especially in urban areas. There is currently no vaccine available for dengue fever. There is a vaccine undergoing clinical trials, but it is too early to tell if it will be safe or effective. Early results of clinical trials show that a vaccine may be available by 2012. There is currently no vaccine or drug available to prevent infection. Dengue Fever at a Glance * Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes. * Symptoms such as headache, fever, exhaustion, severe joint and muscle pain, swollen glands and rash. The presence of fever, rash, and headache (and other pains) is particularly characteristic of dengue fever. Dengue is prevalent throughout the tropics and subtropics. Outbreaks have occurred recently in the Caribbean, including Puerto Rico, the U. S. Virgin Islands, Cuba, and Central America. * Because dengue fever is caused by a virus, there is no specific medicine or antibiotic to treat it. For typical dengue fever, the treatment is purely concerned with relief of the symptoms (symptomatic). * The acute phase of the illness with fever and myalgias lasts about one to two weeks. * Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a specific syndrome that tends to affect children under 10 years of age. It causes abdominal pain, hemorrhage (bleeding), and circulatory collapse (shock). * The prevention of dengue fever requires control or eradication of the mosquitoes carrying the virus that causes dengue. * There is currently no vaccine available for dengue fever. What is diarrhea? Diarrhea is an increase in the frequency of bowel movements or a decrease in the form of stool (greater looseness of stool). Although changes in frequency of bowel movements and looseness of stools can vary independently of each other, changes often occur in both. Diarrhea is more frequent and more liquid bowel movements than normal. Diarrhea often is caused by an infection with bacteria, viruses or a parasite. Bacteria cause diarrhea either by invading the intestine or by producing a toxin that makes the intestine secrete more water. When the diarrhea is caused by food contaminated with bacteria or parasites, people often refer to this as food poisoning. Types of Diarrhea Diarrhea generally is divided into two types, acute and chronic. * Acute diarrhea lasts from a few days up to a week. * Chronic diarrhea can be defined in several ways but almost always lasts more than three weeks. It is important to distinguish between acute and chronic diarrhea because they usually have different causes, require different diagnostic tests, and require different treatment. Symptoms People with diarrhea usually have loose, watery stools. Less commonly, people pass frequent, small amounts of loose stool with mucous and blood. Other symptoms can include: * Abdominal pain and cramping * Vomiting * Fever * Chills * Bloody stools * Lack of bowel control Frequent vomiting and diarrhea can lead to dehydration (abnormally low levels of body water) if too much fluid is lost from the body. Signs of dehydration include: * Dry mouth * Thirst * Dry eyes * Infrequent urination Causes A. Causes of acute diarrhea The most common cause of acute diarrhea is infectionviral, bacterial, and parasitic. Bacteria also can cause acute food poisoning. A third important cause of acute diarrhea is starting a new medication. * Viral gastroenteritis Viral gastroenteritis (viral infection of the stomach and the small intestine) is the most common cause of acute diarrhea worldwide. Patients with viral gastroenteritis usually do not have blood or pus in their stools and have little if any fever. Food poisoning Food poisoning is a brief illness that is caused by toxins produced by bacteria. The toxins cause abdominal pain (cramps) and vomiting and also cause the small intestine to secrete large amounts of water that leads to diarrhea. * Travelers diarrhea Tourists visiting foreign countries with warm climates and poor sanitation can acquire ETEC (a kind of bacteria) by eating contaminated foo ds such as fruits, vegetables, seafood, and raw meat, water, and ice cubes. Toxins produced by ETEC cause the sudden onset of diarrhea.. * Drugs Drug-induced diarrhea is very common because many drugs cause diarrhea. The medications that most frequently cause diarrhea are antacids and nutritional supplements that contain magnesium. Causes of chronic diarrhea * Irritable bowel syndrome It is a functional cause of diarrhea or constipation. It may be caused by several different underlying problems, but it is believed that the most common cause is rapid passage of the intestinal contents through the colon. * Infectious diseases like AIDS often have chronic infections of their intestines that cause diarrhea. Bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine When should the doctor be called for diarrhea? Most episodes of diarrhea are mild and of short duration and do not need to be brought to the attention of a doctor. The doctor should be consulted when there is: * High fever * Moderate or severe abdominal pain or tenderness * Bloody diarrhea that suggests severe intestinal inflammation * Diarrhea in persons with serious underlying illn ess for example, persons