The Abolitionist Movement. The Abolitionist Movement Started

The Abolitionist Movement The Abolitionist movement started around the 1830s and lasted until 1865. This movement was a huge step toward our country’s future, attempting to end slavery and racial discrimination. People like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Beecher Stowe persuaded others in their cause and elected those with the same views as them in political positions. William Lloyd Garrison started an abolitionist newspaper called the Liberator, Frederick Douglas also wrote a newspaper, called the North Star, and Harriet Beecher Stowe published a novel called â€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin.† These advocates, while they did not cause the Civil War, they contributed to this war by bringing attention to one of the country’s†¦show more content†¦These different views allowed people to view slavery from a new perspective. Many people who were proslavery soon felt sorry for their actions and saw their actions as a sin. William Lloyd Garrison, a white man from Massachusetts became a part of the anti-slavery movement, or abolitionist movement, in 1830. Right away, William Lloyd Garrison published a weekly paper called the Liberator, which directly stated the need for â€Å"immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves.† William Lloyd Garrison saw that the only way that slavery could end was by persuading those who would read his pieces. Garrison realized the only way to prove how bad slavery is, was to show how immoral and unjust it was for there to be slavery in our country. He felt so strongly about his views, e once burned a copy of the Constitution because this documented stated the right to own slaves. Garrisons paper had received very harsh responses and many states wanted to charge against Garrison for a felonious crime and would reward others who found those who distributed his paper. (28a. William Lloyd Garrison and The Liberator) The reason why Garrison had received such severe reactions from people was because of his non-government theories and his idea that the government was a form of compromise, explaining how slavery would not end with compromise. He also wrote in the Liberator and â€Å"denounced the Compromise of 1850, condemned theShow MoreRelatedThe American Abolitionists Book Review Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesHarrold Stanley, American Abolitionists is a book that scrutinizes the movement of abolishing slavery in the United States. It examines the movement from its origin in the 18century in the course of the Civil War and the elimination of slavery in 1856. American Abolitionists book focuses on the American Abolitionists who struggled to end slavery and advocated for equal rights for all African Americans in the United States. Harrold mainly focuses his book on the abolitionist movement and the effect of slavesRead MoreWomen s Rights Movement And Abolitionist Movements1397 Words   |  6 Pages2. There were multiple factors which linked the women’s rights movements and the abolitionist movements. Many women joined abolitionist movement as a way to enter public life and have the opportunity to talk about controversial topics. They faced criticism for addressing these controversial issues which prompted them to attempt gain freedom for women as well as those who were enslaved. They tried to use the abolitionist movement as a way to also gain equal rights for a women as there seemed to beRead MoreAnother Leader, James Birney, Was A Powerful Abolitionists1550 Words   |  7 Pages Another leader, James Birney, was a powerful abolitionists leader and â€Å"he believed that political action and the power of religion were the keys to ending slavery,† and his proposal, â€Å"proposed measures that would allow the legislature to emancipate slaves and prohibit selling slaves brought into the state,† allowed for him to be known as, â€Å"one of the nation’s most prominent abolitionists† (American Experience†). James Birney was also the Liberty Party’s presidential candidate during the 1840 toRead MoreWomen s Rights And Abolitionist Movement Essay985 Words   |  4 PagesThe Beginning of Women’s Rights Abolitionist Movement Women’s Rights Abolitionists Back in the nineteenth century men and women were not treated equally as they are now. Women did not have as much freedom as the men did and that caused a national movement. Not only were the women segregated from the men, but the discrimination against the African American race was a huge ordeal as well. With both movements combined, it led to a controversial development at that time. Not only were womenRead MoreThe Abolition Movement1079 Words   |  4 Pages Abolition Movement From the 1830s until 1870, the abolitionist movement attempted to achieve immediate emancipation of all slaves and the ending of racial segregation and discrimination. Their idea of these goals distinguished abolitionists from the broad-based political opposition to slavery’s westward expansion that started in the North after 1840 and raised issues leading to the Civil War. Yet, these two expressions of hostility to slavery were often closely related not only in their beliefsRead MoreAbolitionist And The Civil War995 Words   |  4 PagesAbolitionist and the Civil War Three decades before the Civil War, a movement wanted Emancipation for all slaves. The Abolitionists were wanting slavery to be abolished due to moral causes along with courage. Tis movement became and Evangelical crusade in the 1830s. Their main focus and pus was to end the sin-filled behaviors against the slaves everywhere. Personal freedom was exceedingly important and a belief that, â€Å"all men are created,† (Abolitionist Movement,† History, N.p.,n.d.). ThereRead MoreThe Abolitionist Movement and The Civil Rights Movement Essay615 Words   |  3 Pages Throughout the history of the United States there have been many reform movements that have molded the culture we live in today. The rights that we as Americans enjoy today can be credited to the people who fought for more rights and a better way of life. Two reform movements that have changed America for the better are the Abolitionist Movement and the Civil Rights Movement. Around the 1820’s the feeling of legal slavery was changing in the United States. The southRead MoreThe Amistad Case Of American History923 Words   |  4 Pageslegal; therefore they should be returned to their home land on Africa. The abolitionists became very involved in this case. The abolitionists were a group of Americans that wanted to end the practice of slavery in the United States. The abolitionists started their movement somewhere around 1820†s. The main idea of the movement was that slavery was a sinful practice. The way the movement gain momentum during this time was the printing of pamphlets one such pamphlet was called theRead MoreFrederick Douglass : African American Freedom Struggle888 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 1860’s with the help of the abolitionist movement. Before becoming a famous spokesman Douglass was just like every other African American slave, attempting to find a way to freedom. Douglass’ runaway slave status quickly changed when abolitionist bought his freedom in hopes to strengthen the abolitionist movement. Since abolitionists were able to recognize Douglass’ intellectual abilities it made him a key aspect towards the success in the abolitionist move ment, African American community, andRead MoreEssay On The Abolitionist Movement807 Words   |  4 Pagestheir development. These changes include the Temperance movement, the Abolitionist movement, the Second Awakening, trading and the start of the Industrial Revolution. With these events impacting social development, America developed a strong identity. The Second Awakening is a movement that begins in 1800. This movement had different movements that lead up to the â€Å"Awakening†. These ideas included â€Å"Temperance movement, Abolitionist movement, and Women’s suffrage.† The start of the Second Awakening

Essay on The Role of Education in Modern Society - 723 Words

The Role of Education in Modern Society Functionalism is based on the notion of social consensus. They see society as consisting of distinguishable parts. All these parts have a clear role, which is to fulfil functions, which keeps the society whole and orderly. As applied to education, functionalists view the education system as fulfilling the important function of socialisation. E.g. the curriculum taught at school should reflect the common culture to ensure that pupils, who are all members of society, will act out their particular roles in society’s interests. According to the functionalist, education also transmits society’s norms and values, which promotes value consensus. Not only do†¦show more content†¦Education, according to Durkheim, provides this link between the individual and society. Durkheim also argues that in complex industrial societies, the school serves a function, which cannot be provided by family or friends. This taught in school, where the pupils must interact with other pupils in terms of a fixed set of rules. By teaching this it will prepare pupils for interacting with other members of society in terms of the society’s rules. Durkheim also believes that existing school rules should be strictly enforced as it teaches pupils not to act out against the interests of the social group as a whole. Hargreaves agrees with Durkheim on this matter. He has criticised contemporary schools for placing too much stress in developing the individual and not enough on the duties and responsibilities towards group life. Hargreaves argues that these schools fail to produce a sense of dignity for working class pupils, which may lead to the failure to develop a sense of belonging within schools, which can then lead to pupils forming subcultures that reject the values of schools and therefore those of the wider society Another functionalist that has given his view is Parsons. Parsons argues that after the primary socialisation has been provided to the child by its family, the school takes over as the main socialising agencyShow MoreRelatedThe Functionalist Explanation of the Role of Education in Modern Society621 Words   |  3 PagesThe Functionalist Explanation of the Role of Education in Modern Society I will discuss the functionalists theories in comparison to those of the Marxist and Interactionists. Functionalists believe that all in society serves a purpose and its a positive function. They also believe that education is a way of achieving in society; it develops people so that it gives them the opportunities in society (workplace). Durkheim believed that in order for children to feelRead MoreAldous Huxleys Brave New World Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesBrave New World Huxley observes in his work, Brave New World that the modern world revolves around technological development. The aspirations and morals of modern society do not entirely rely on social issues such as love, family, and success but rather on industrial progress and social development. According to Huxley, technological improvement and growth are critical factors that shape the operation and activities in modern society. So far, community members need to observe the world as technologicallyRead More Compare, Contrast and Evaluate the Sociological Perspectives on the Ro1259 Words   |  6 Pages The role of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare and qualify them for work in the economy as well as helping to integrate individuals into society and teach them the norms, values and morals of society. Yet there are three sociological theories that differ greatly between them on the role of education. These are Functionalism, Marxism and Liberalism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Functionalists view the role of education as a means of socialising individuals and toRead MoreCompare, Contrast and Evaluate the Sociological Perspectives on the Ro1255 Words   |  6 PagesThe role of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare and qualify them for work in the economy as well as helping to integrate individuals into society and teach them the norms, values and morals of society. Yet there are three sociological theories that differ greatly between them on the role of education. These are Functionalism, Marxism and Liberalism. Functionalists view the role of education as a means of socialising individuals and to integrate society, to keep societyRead MoreDescribe the Functionalist (Emile Durkheim), Conflict (Marxist) and Interactionist approach to the Socialization of Education.877 Words   |  4 PagesDescribe the Functionalist, Conflict and Interactionist approach to the Socialization of Education. Education - A Functionalist Perspective Emile Durkheim proposed an explicitly functionalist explanation of the role of education in society. The major function/task of education was, according to Durkheim, the transmission of society s norms and values. Durkheim considered that all societies must have means of passing on their norms and values to the young. If they did not, they could not continueRead MoreUsing Material from Item a and Elsewhere Assess the Contribution of Functionalism to Our Understanding of the Role of Education.1422 Words   |  6 Pagescontribution of functionalism to our understanding of the role of education. Functionalism is based on the view that society is a system of interdependent parts held together by a shared culture or value consensus (agreement) amongst individuals as to what values or norms are important in society. Therefore they take a positive view of the education system. As item A suggests they see it as a form of secondary socialism essential to maintaining society i.e. the values and norms transmitted by social institutionsRead MoreThe Reform Movement Of Rural Canada During The Nineteenth And Twentieth Century1072 Words   |  5 Pagesan â€Å"urban and modern orientation† to direct social reform movements in rural Canada. Often, this perspective came into conflict with the needs of the rural society at the time. Therefore, the widespread discontent within the rural society was illustrated through the various efforts of social reform in Canada during the 1860s-1960s. The first set of readings of this course outline the ways in which the hopes of the social reformers were to promote reform based on an â€Å"urban and modern orientation†Read MoreSociety And Government In The Handmaids Tale By Margaret Atwood1411 Words   |  6 PagesAs we examine today’s society and government, there are different aspects that may lead people to agree with or be against society and government. When compared to the Republic of Gilead in The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, civilians had little to no freedoms and abided by extremely strict regulations. The Republic of Gilead divided individuals and forced them into completing tasks and working without giving them any choice. The handmaids were forced to have sex in order to bear children, whileRead MoreModern Technology And Its Effect On Society1439 Words   |  6 Pages2015 Modern Technology Modern technology is machinery that makes people’s lives easier and convenient. In today’s fast paced society modern technology plays the most important role in society. Technology surrounds almost everywhere and everyone in modern society. We can say this time as the technological age because of the today’s dependence on technology. Technological products are available everywhere and everyone is using it. We are living in the 21st century, time of science and modern technologyRead MoreEssay on The Changing Role of Women in Thai Society1138 Words   |  5 PagesTheir role and position were subservient and controlled by their fathers, brothers and husbands. They could not make any important decisions or even run the families equally. Society was convinced that women were not capable of performing any work outside of home. Thus, they were not allowed or expect to do anything except performing day-to-day tasks such as taking care of their children, preparing food f or their husbands and family members and washing clothes. Nowadays, the status and role of Thai

Supply Chain Management Chain Relation Management

Question: Describe about the Supply Chain Management for Chain Relation Management. Answer: The Bullwhip effect and Management related to Supply Chain relation with Example. The bullwhip effect can be defined as supply chain problem whereby there is variance detected between order made to producer and supplier and sales made to final customers. In context to supply chain the irregularity in the lower level lead to more critical issue in the higher level and impact the smooth flow of the process. The bullwhip effect lead to either over estimation or under estimation in the demand of product and the end is fluctuation. This effect of bullwhip may be as towards occurrence detected with supply chain explained wherein the orders provided to manufacturers and that of the supplier creates the variance larger as compared to end customer sales. The lower level problem identified in the supply chain process hint at more critical problem in the higher level related with demand and supply (Carranza Torres and Villegas MoraÃÅ' n, 2006). The variance thus may interrupt the process of supply chain smoothness as every link that are existing in supply chain shall either underestimate or overestimate the demand of the product that happens to result in the fluctuations those are exaggerated. Factors contributing towards bullwhip effect There are various factors contributing towards supply chain process relating to bullwhip effect. The factors such as disorganization in every link in supply chain process with either smaller or larger ordering of production amounts than required. The additional factors like communication lack, policies related to free return, the order batching, variations in price and demand information also contribute to this bullwhip effect. Example of Bullwhip effect The customer actual demand for product is 8 units, then the retailer from distributor might order 10 units to ensure these 2 units extra for not running stock out in the floor. The supplier from manufacturer then order the 20 units towards allowing for bulk buy to endure enough stock while shipment to retailer. The manufacturer order 40 units to ensure in meeting demand of product the economies of scale. These 40 units produced for 8 units demand means retailer to increase demand requires price lowering or finding with advertising and marketing more of customers. Integration of SCM with SAP helping to eliminate the bullwhip effect SAP is an enterprise resource planning (ERP) software that helps to integrate the various function of the company like production, material management, sales and distribution, finance and costing, human resource, customer relationship management (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM). Thus, real time information can be shared and exchanged between various function. In context to SCM the integration leads to demand signal of consumer that enable supply chain management driven by demand (Tarn, Yen, and Beaumont, 2002). It helps in enhancing the network visibility of demand by optimizing the short term forecast of demand. With regard to the perspective of demand planning it is now possible for SCM planners to make a comparison of the traditional demand forecast consensus against the statistical point of sale forecast and it facilitate the true demand of consumer supported by real time correction. With regard to the perspective of demand network it is now possible for the managers forecasting the demand to visualize the demand network completely now. This is possible as the manager is able to get real time information from stores inventory management, distribution centre of retailer and point of consumption (Tarn, Yen, and Beaumont, 2002). This integrated real time information related with the supply chain management (SCM) supported with SAP enhance the visibility and help to eliminate the bullwhip effect. Thus by using the integration of SCM with SAP helps to eliminate the bullwhip effect and provide the below benefits that will flow through the entire supply chain management of the company (Piccoli, 2012). This SAP enabled supply chain extends the network visibility of demand beyond the SCM of the company and thereby leads to inventory optimization. Minimize the sakes opportunities loss related with the out of stock common in the traditional system. This efficiency in operation of SCM enhances the profitability. Power and Trust in Supply Chain Management Trust is dependability between the partners by being reliable to the words fostered by management. The relationship between manufacturer and retailer has to be supported by shelf positions linked with the product. When a partner crosses the line of faith the relationship broke as the action is impacting both. For instance Japanese manufacturers generate high level of trust than European companies (Kumar, 1996). An important situation governing their relationship is benefits generated from both the parties by being committed to each other. When conducting survey the result suggested that retailers who trust manufacturers produce around 78% of sales at higher level in comparison to others. In simple terms it acts as reservoir that helps in preserving a relationship by building goodwill. The retailers who trust manufacturer retaliate on not looking into the product line of manufacturer. Alternatively, it helps in realizing the individuals their potential by sharing confidential information related to business. At last trust is capturing both minds and heart by channeling the partners for believing in each other for long-term (Bigne and Blesa, 2003). Similarly, as the industries are expanding the power between retailer and manufacturer are shifting by its virtue and nature. Companies use their strength for being powerful but, the fear is on how they will manage relationships. When organizations are established huge or small investments are required so exploiting power is not a good option for long term sustenance. The power changes its position so attracting unfair concession is not right in case of big companies like Procter and Gamble. The organizations might exploit others like retailers may form an association or group, acquisition etc. for counteracting with power. Hence, the game of trust and power is different as per nature. Power develops fear and trust builds interdependence so both have to be used as per the condition (Kumar, 1996). Trust based or the power based relationship leading to better outcomes With the industries that are diverse like the consumer-packaged goods, the pharmaceuticals, the apparel, the hardware, the power balance is shifting among the retailers and the manufacturers. This specialty superstores rise with the buying alliances formation along with consolidation wave related to acquisitions and mergers makes the retailers in small numbers that presently controls the larger consumer numbers. Thus with the trust and the power relationship in the area with manufacturers who earlier controlled the retailers find in present times the mega retailers holding upper hand. Yes, it is believed that trust and power are important for managing a relationship effectively for a better outcome. The communication between the parties should be of bilateral nature that works in two ways just like Marks and Spencer. The company encourages its suppliers to be frank and active by helping in finding weakness as it builds healthy relationship. When a party is powerful the way of handling its channel partners is identical in nature. The companies are moving their relationships by transforming it to channel partnership base for making transition. In trust game attitude, management system, people and culture are different than in power game (Bigne and Blesa, 2003). With respect to the YouTube video of Wal-Mart it is established that the trust based relationship lead to better outcomes compared to the power based relationship. The company achieved the trust of customers by providing the best product at the cheapest price and created a retail revolution in the US market. Similarly its acquisition of ASDA in the UK market was under the same concept (Davenport, 2006). The major benefits of this trust based relationship with regard to Wal- Mart are Cheapest price from supplier based on the size of the retail chain that is the largest in the world. Multiple suppliers providing different products. Lowest price promise to customers. Brand awareness of Wal-Mart in the domestic and global market. References Bigne, E. and Blesa, A. (2003). Market orientation, trust and satisfaction in dyadic relationships:a manufacturerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ retailer analysis.Intl J of Retail Distrib Mgt, 31(11), pp.574-590. Carranza Torres, O. and Villegas MoraÃÅ' n, F. (2006).The bullwhip effect in supply chains. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. Davenport, T.H., 2006. Competing on analytics. harvard business review, 84(1), p.98. Kumar, N. (1996).The Power of Trust in Manufacturer-Retailer Relationships. [online] hbr.org. Available at: https://hbr.org/1996/11/the-power-of-trust-in-manufacturer-retailer-relationships [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Piccoli, G., 2012. Essentials of Information Systems for Managers: Text Only. Wiley Publishing. Tarn, J.M., Yen, D.C. and Beaumont, M., 2002. Exploring the rationales for ERP and SCM integration. Industrial Management Data Systems, 102(1), pp.26-34.

Monsoon Maladies Essay Example

Monsoon Maladies Essay Monsoon maladies – Enemies in the Rain Monsoon brings with it the much-awaited relief from the long spell of sultry, scorching summer. When the season of rains people are all set to enjoy it to the hilt irrespective of their age. There are people whose idea of enjoying the drizzle is gorging on their favorite ‘pakoras’ and ‘chai’, while watching the lovely weather from the comfort of their homes. while there are also people who want to go out and enjoy the season dancing in the rain. Children love to jump on the logged waters, splash it on each other and sail paper boats. All these are such merry-making thoughts. However the cooling showers bring with them an increased susceptibility to a lot of diseases that are peculiar to the monsoon. It is time we get our safeguards ready and gear ourselves up to face monsoon in its full glory. Doctors have said that this cool climate contributes to the survival of the ultramicroscopic infectious agents in the environment. Children are the most susceptible to these diseases. In India, cities are developing haphazardly thereby causing lack of sewage facilities and adequate drainage system; due to unhygienic and poor sanitation conditions the diseases are striking. The residents are drinking contaminated water due to leakages in the drinking water lines. Diseases that are spread during monsoon are basically water borne and gastrointestinal infections. Typhoid and Diarrhea are common. Accumulation of water on the roads promotes the growth of the mosquitoes causing malaria and dengue. Also diseases like dryness, spasmodic pain, high blood pressure, gas formation and gastric disturbances occur frequently. Also one comes across cases of fever and coughs and colds. Here are top 6 sinister monsoon-related diseases which we shall broadly explore: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Monsoon Maladies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Monsoon Maladies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Monsoon Maladies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fever 2. Common cold 3. Malaria 4. Dengue fever 5. Diarrhea 6. Typhoid What is a fever? Fever is the most common phenomena observed during monsoon. Right from an infant to an old man, anyone can be its victim. Fever refers to an elevation in body temperature. Technically, any body temperature above the normal oral measurement of 98. 6 F (37 C) or the normal rectal temperature of 99 F (37. 2 C) is considered to be elevated. However, these are averages, and ones normal body temperature may actually be 1 F (0. 6 C) or more above or below the average of 98. F. Body temperature can also vary up to 1 F (0. 6 C) throughout the day. Fever is not considered medically significant until body temperature is above 100. 4 F (38 C). Anything above normal but below 100. 4 F (38 C) is considered a low-grade fever. Fever serves as one of the bodys natural defenses against bacteria and viruses which cannot live at a higher temperature. For that reason, low fevers should normally go untreated, unless ac companied by troubling symptoms. Also, the bodys defense mechanisms seem to work more efficiently at a higher temperature. Fever is just one part of an illness, many times no more important than the presence of other symptoms such as cough, sore throat, fatigue, joint pains or aches, chills, nausea, etc. Fever of 104 Fahrenheit or higher in adults demand immediate home treatment and subsequent medical attention. Such high fever can result in delirium and convulsions, particularly in infants and children. Fever should not be confused with hyperthermia, which is a defect in bodys response to heat (thermoregulation), which can also raise the body temperature. This is usually caused by external sources such as being in a hot environment. Signs and symptoms There are different symptoms of a fever. The symptoms of a fever depend on what is causing it. Sometimes a fever can cause a chill. A chill occurs because when the brain raises the bodys thermostat, the body responds by shivering to raise the temperature. Shivering produces heat in the body. Once the temperature goes up, the person often feels warm. When the fever goes away, the person may start to sweat. Viral fever can remain for 3 to 4 days. The symptoms are: †¢ fever headache †¢ nose flow †¢ joint pain †¢ muscular pain Risks during a Fever The main risk of mild or moderate fevers is dehydration. When a person has a fever, they need more fluids than usual. A fever greater than 106 degrees Fahrenheit can result in brain damage and possibly death. Fevers greater than 106 degrees are very unusual. Diagnosis A thermometer is used to measure the body temperature. The te mperature can be taken in the mouth, rectum, ear, or under the arm. Generally, hands amp; foot of children remain cold during fever, but their forehead amp; stomach remains hot. What is the treatment for a fever? Generally, if the fever does not cause discomfort, the fever itself need not be treated. It is not necessary to awaken an adult or child to treat a fever unless instructed to do so by your health-care practitioner. The following fever-reducing medications may be used at home: * Ibuprofen can also be used to break a fever in patients over 6 months of age. Discuss the best dose with your doctor. For adults, 400-600 mg can be used every six hours. * Aspirin and Paracetamol should not be used for fever in children or adolescents. Aspirin use in children and adolescents during a viral illness causes prolonged vomiting, confusion, and even coma and liver failure. An individual with a fever should be kept comfortable and not overdressed. Overdressing can cause the temperature to rise further. Tepid water [30 C] baths are a home remedy that may help bring down a fever. When and how to keep water bands If the fever is up to 100 degree, then it can be cured at home by using water bands. One should use normal water for bands. The bands get hot after keeping on the body, so keep them for just a minute. If the whole body is warm along with the forehead, then sponge the whole body with cloth squeezed from normal water. Prevention Fever cannot be prevented in almost 99% cases. However, a good nutrition can prevent it to an extent. When should one seek medical care for a fever? 1. Any child below 3 months of age who has a temperature of 100. 4 F (38 C) or greater should be seen by a physician or other health-care worker. 2. If a child or adult has a history or diagnosis of cancer, AIDS, or other serious illness, such as heart disease, diabetes, or is taking drugs, medical care should be sought for a fever. . Otherwise, observe the person with the fever. If they appear sick or have symptoms that would suggest a major illness, such as meningitis, urinary tract infection, pneumonia or any other signs of a serious illness, doctor should be consulted. 4. Other symptoms that may be indicative of a severe illness include repeated vomiting, severe diarrhea, or skin rashes 5. Fever blisters are small blisters that turn into ulcers, usually on the lips, mouth or tongue that are caused by a virus. When a child contracts this virus for the first time, the symptoms and the fever blisters can be quite severe. . On the other hand, if the fever accompanies a simple cold or virus, then the fever is only a symptom of the illness. But if there are other associated symptoms that are bothersome, doctor should be consulted. 7. Some vaccines given in childhood can cause a low-grade fever within a day or two of getting the injection. This fever is usually self-limited and short-lived. If the reaction seems severe or the skin at the injection site is red, hot, and painful, doctor’s help is needed. Fever at a Glance Although a fever could be considered any body temperature above the normal 98. 6 F (37 C), medically, a person is not considered to have a significant fever until the temperature is above 100. 4 F (38. 0 C). * Most fever is beneficial, causes no prob lems, and helps the body fight off infections. The main reason for treating a fever is to increase comfort. * Children under 3 months of age with a temperature of 100. 4 F (38. 0 C) or greater should be seen by a health-care provider. They may be quite ill and not show any signs or symptoms besides a fever. Infants less than 6 weeks of age should be seen immediately by their doctor. * Ibuprofen can be used to treat a fever. Aspirin and Paracetamol should not be used in children or adolescents to control fever. What is the common cold? This is the most common disease that catches people cutting across age lines. You get wet and you’ve got it. Though it is difficult to forgo the temptation of dancing in the rain, this joy is likely to get you common cold. Common cold is observed during the initial period of monsoon due to the sudden change in weather. The common cold, also known as a viral upper respiratory tract infection, is a self-limited contagious illness that can be caused by a number of different types of viruses The common cold is the most frequently occurring illness in India, and it is a leading cause of doctor visits and missed days from school and work. Causes More than 200 different types of viruses are known to cause the common cold. Because so many different viruses can cause a cold and because new cold viruses constantly develop, the body never builds up resistance against all of them. For this reason, colds are a frequent and recurring problem. In fact, children in preschool and elementary school can have three to 12 colds per year while adolescents and adults typically have two to four colds per year. Symptoms Symptoms of the common cold usually begin 2 to 3 days after infection and often include: * Mucus buildup in your nose * Difficulty breathing through your nose * Swelling of your sinuses * Sneezing * Sore throat * Cough * Headache Fever is usually slight but can climb to 102 degrees Fahrenheit in infants and young children. Cold symptoms can last from 2 to 14 days, but like most people, you’ll probably recover in a week. If symptoms recur often or last much longer than 2 weeks, you might have an allergy rather than a cold. How does common cold spread? The common cold is usually spread by direct hand-to-hand contact with infected secretions or from contaminated surfaces. For example, if a person with a cold blows or touches their nose and then touches someone else, that person can subsequently become infected with the virus. Additionally, a cold virus can live on objects such as pens, books, telephones, computer keyboards, and coffee cups for several hours and can thus be acquired from contact with these objects. What is the difference between the common cold and influenza (the flu)? Many people confuse the common cold with influenza (the flu). Influenza is caused by the influenza virus, while the common cold generally is not. While some of the symptoms of the common cold and influenza may be similar, patients with the common cold typically have a milder illness. Patients with influenza are usually sicker and have a more abrupt onset of illness with fever, chills, headache, body aches, dry cough, and extreme weakness. Though differentiating between the common cold and influenza can be difficult, there is laboratory testing available to confirm the diagnoses of influenza. Treatment There is no cure for the common cold. Home treatment is directed at alleviating the symptoms associated with the common cold and allowing this self-limiting illness to run its course. But one can get relief from your cold symptoms by: * Resting in bed. Drinking plenty of fluids. * Gargling with warm salt water or using throat sprays or lozenges for a scratchy or sore throat. * Cough drops and cough syrups * Using petroleum jelly for a raw nose. * Saline sprays and a humidifier may also be beneficial. Are antibiotics a suitable treatment for the common cold? Antibiotics play no role in treating the common cold. Antibiotics are effective only against illnesses caused by bacteria, and colds are caused by viruses. Not only do antibiotics not help, but they can also cause allergic reactions that can be fatal (1:40,000). Furthermore, using antibiotics when they are not necessary has led to the growth of several strains of common bacteria that have become resistant to certain antibiotics). For these and other reasons, it is important to limit the use of antibiotics to situations in which they are medically indicated. Though occasionally a bacterial infection, such as sinusitis or a middle ear infection can develop following a cold, treatment with antibiotics should be left at the discretion of your physician or health-care practitioner. When should a doctor or other health-care practitioner be consulted? Generally speaking, the common cold can be treated at home and managed with over-the-counter medications. However, if one develops more severe symptoms such as shaking chills, high fever (greater than 102 F), severe headache or neck stiffness, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing or chest pain, physician or health-care practitioner should be consulted immediately. If there are sore throat and a fever with no other cold symptoms, then one should be seen by your physician. This illness may be strep throat, a bacterial infection requiring treatment with antibiotics. Finally, if one notices facial pain or yellow/green drainage from your nose accompanied by a fever, it is possible that they have a sinus infection (sinusitis) that would benefit from a medical evaluation and a possible course of antibiotics. Prevention The most important measure to prevent the common cold is frequent hand washing, as this can destroy viruses that you have acquired from touching contaminated surfaces. Also, try to avoid sharing utensils and try to use disposable items (such as disposable cups) if someone in your family has a cold. Finally, lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation and stress management may decrease your susceptibility to acquiring the common cold. Common Cold at a Glance * The common cold is caused by many different viruses. * Being in cold weather does not cause the common cold. * There are effective over-the-counter medications for treatment of the common cold. * Antibiotics do not help the common cold. * The common cold can generally be managed at home. What is Malaria? Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite, Plasmodium, which infects red blood cells. Malaria is characterized by cycles of chills, fever, pain and sweating. Historical records suggest malaria has infected humans since the beginning of mankind. The name mal aria (meaning bad air in Italian) was first used in English in 1740 by H. Walpole when describing the disease. In 1889, R. Ross discovered that mosquitoes transmitted malaria. Of the four species of malaria, the most serious type is Plasmodium falciparum malaria. It can be life-threatening. The other three species of malaria (P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale) are generally less serious and are not life-threatening. Malaria is still a very deadly disease that affects many areas of the world, including India. Malaria is spread by parasite-carrying mosquitoes. Malaria causes fever, chills, sweats, headache, body ache, nausea, vomiting and fatigue. How is malaria transmitted? The life cycle of the parasite is complicated and involves two hosts, humans and Anopheles mosquitoes. The disease is transmitted to humans when an infected Anopheles mosquito bites a person and injects the malaria parasites (sporozoites) into the blood. Sporozoites travel through the bloodstream to the liver, mature, and eventually infect the human red blood cells. While in red blood cells, the parasites again develop until a mosquito takes a blood meal from an infected human and ingests human red blood cells containing the parasites. Then the parasites reach the Anopheles mosquitos stomach and eventually invade the mosquito salivary glands. When an Anopheles mosquito bites a human, these sporozoites complete and repeat the complex Plasmodium life cycle. P. ovale and P. vivax can further complicate the cycle by producing dormant stages (hypnozoites) that may not develop for weeks to years. Symptoms Symptoms of malaria can begin as early as six to eight days after a bite by an infected mosquito. They include: * High fever (up to 105 degrees Fahrenheit) with shaking chills * Profuse sweating when the fever suddenly drops * Fatigue * Headache * Muscle aches * Abdominal discomfort * Nausea, vomiting * Feeling faint when you stand up or sit up quickly Incubation period The period between the mosquito bite and the onset of the malarial illness is usually one to three weeks (seven to 21 days). This initial time period is highly variable as reports suggest that the range of incubation periods may range from four days to one year. The usual incubation period may be increased when a person has taken an inadequate course of malaria prevention medications. Certain types of malaria (P. vivax and P. ovale) parasites can also take much longer, as long as eight to 10 months, to cause symptoms. These parasites remain dormant (inactive or hibernating) in the liver cells during this time. Unfortunately, some of these dormant parasites can remain even after a patient recovers from malaria, so the patient can get sick again. This situation is termed relapsing malaria. Treatment Three main factors determine treatments: * The infecting species of Plasmodium parasite * the clinical situation of the patient (for example, adult, child, or pregnant female with either mild or severe malaria) * The drug susceptibility of the infecting parasites. Drug susceptibility is determined by the geographic area where the infection was acquired. Different areas of India have malaria types that are resistant to certain medications. The correct drugs for each type of malaria must be prescribed by a doctor who is familiar with malaria treatment protocols. Since people infected with P. falciparum malaria can die (often because of delayed treatment), immediate treatment for P. falciparum malaria is necessary. Mild malaria can be treated with oral medication; severe malaria requires intravenous (IV) drug treatment and fluids. Drug treatment of malaria is not always easy. There are specialized labs that can test the patients parasites for resistance, but this is not done frequently. Consequently, treatment is usually based on the majority of Plasmodium species diagnosed and its general drug-resistance pattern for the country. Is malaria a particular problem during pregnancy? Yes. Malaria may pose a serious threat to a pregnant woman and her pregnancy. Malaria infection in pregnant women may be more severe than in women who are not pregnant. Malaria may also increase the risk of problems with the pregnancy, including prematurity, abortion, and stillbirth. Treatment of malaria in the pregnant female is similar to the usual treatment described above Is malaria a particular problem for children? Yes. All children, including young infants, living in or traveling to malaria-risk areas should take anti-malarial drugs. Although the recommendations for most anti-malarial drugs are the same as for adults, it is crucial to use the correct dosage for the child. The dosage of drug depends on the age and weight of the child. Since an overdose of an anti-malarial drug can be fatal, all anti-malarial (and all other) drugs should be stored in childproof containers well out of the childs reach. How can one keep from getting malaria? If you are traveling to an area known to have malaria, find out which medications you need to take, and take them as prescribed. Current CDC recommendations suggest individuals begin taking anti-malarial drugs about one to two weeks before traveling to a malaria infested area and for four weeks after leaving the area. Your doctor, travel clinic, or the health department can advise you as to what medicines to take to keep from getting malaria. Currently, there is no vaccine available for malaria, but researchers are trying to develop one. Precautions If possible, avoid travel to or through countries where malaria occurs. If you must go to areas where malaria occurs, take the prescribed preventive medicine. In addition, the 2008 CDC international travel recommendations suggest the following precautions be taken in malaria infested areas: * Avoid exposure to mosquitoes during the early morning and early evening hours between the hours of dusk and dawn (the hours of greatest mosquito activity). * Wear appropriate clothing (long-sleeved shirts and long pants, for examples) especially when you are outdoors. * Apply insect repellent to the exposed skin. The CDC recommended insect repellent should contains up to 50% DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide), which is the most effective mosquito repellent for adults and children over 2 months of age. Spray mosquito repellents on clothing to prevent mosquitoes from biting through thin clothing. * Use a permethrin-coated (or similar repellant) mosquito net over your all beds. * Have screens over cover windows and doors. * Spray permethrin or a similar insecticide in the bedroom before going to bed. Malaria at a Glance * Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite, Plasmodium, which infects red blood cells. * The life cycle involves two hosts, humans and Anopheles mosquitoes. * Fever at regular intervals, bouts of shivering, muscle pain and weakness are the symptoms that a patient shows while suffering from Malaria. The incubation period is usually one to three weeks * Since this disease is spread by mosquitoes, so mosquito repellents and nets should be used to prevent it. Also make sure that water does not stagnate in your area as mosquitoes breed in stagnant water. What is dengue fever? Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes. Dengue is caused by the biting of female Aedes Aegypti mosquito. These mosquitoes have stripes like tiger on their body. They bite in the day time, esp. in the morning. Den gue strikes people with low levels of immunity. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus, it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However, an attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular serotype to which the patient was exposed. Dengue goes by other names, including breakbone or dandy fever. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a more severe form of the viral illness. Types of dengue It’s of three types: †¢ Classical (Normal) Dengue †¢ Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) †¢ Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) When it spreads Dengue spreads mostly in the months of July to October because this season has favorable conditions for their flourish. How is dengue fever contracted? The virus is contracted from the bite of a striped Aedes aegypti mosquito that has previously bitten an infected person. The mosquito flourishes during rainy seasons but can breed in water-filled flower pots, plastic bags, and cans year-round. One mosquito bite can inflict the disease. The virus is not contagious and cannot be spread directly from person to person. There must be a person-to-mosquito-to-another-person pathway. How it spreads Dengue virus spreads very fast in the blood of dengue patient. When any dengue mosquito bits such dengue patient and sucks his blood, then the dengue virus enters in his (mosquito) body also. Thereafter, when such mosquito bites any other person, then that person also get infected with the dengue virus. Symptoms and Signs After being bitten by a mosquito carrying the virus, the incubation period ranges from three to 15 (usually five to eight) days before the signs and symptoms of dengue appear. Classical Dengue Fever The infection period can be of 5 to 10 days. The fever can be identified with the help of following symptoms. †¢ Sudden high fever after feeling old. Headache, muscular pain, joint pain. †¢ Pain in the back area of eyes which increases with the movement of eyes. †¢ Extreme weakness, loss of appetite, vomiting sensation, loss of taste. †¢ Mild pain in throat. †¢ Rashes of pinkish red color on the body, esp. face, neck and chest. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) †¢ Bleeding from nose and gums. †¢ Blood in vomit or stool. †¢ Spots of blackish blue color on skin. Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) This fever some symptoms of ‘shock’ in addition to the symptoms of DHF, like: †¢ the patient feels very restless and his skin remains cold in spite of high fever. †¢ He loses consciousness slowly. The pulse rate keeps on fluctuating. Blood pressure falls down. Treatment Because dengue fever is caused by a virus, there is no specific medicine or antibiotic to treat it. For typical dengue, the treatment is purely concerned with relief of the symptoms (symptomatic). Rest and fluid intake for adequate hydration is important. Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should only be taken under a doctors supervision because of the possibility of worsening hemorrhagic complications. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and codeine may be given for severe headache and for the joint and muscle pain (myalgia). Prevention The transmission of the virus to mosquitoes must be interrupted to prevent the illness. To this end, patients are kept under mosquito netting until the second bout of fever is over and they are no longer contagious. The prevention of dengue requires control or eradication of the mosquitoes carrying the virus that causes dengue. In nations plagued by dengue fever, people are urged to empty stagnant water from old tires, trash cans, and flower pots. Governmental initiatives to decrease mosquitoes also help to keep the disease in check but have been poorly effective. To prevent mosquito bites, wear long pants and long sleeves. For personal protection, use mosquito repellant sprays that contain DEET when visiting places where dengue is endemic. Limiting exposure to mosquitoes by avoiding standing water and staying indoors two hours after sunrise and before sunset will help. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a daytime biter with peak periods of biting around sunrise and sunset. It may bite at any time of the day and is often hidden inside homes or other dwellings, especially in urban areas. There is currently no vaccine available for dengue fever. There is a vaccine undergoing clinical trials, but it is too early to tell if it will be safe or effective. Early results of clinical trials show that a vaccine may be available by 2012. There is currently no vaccine or drug available to prevent infection. Dengue Fever at a Glance * Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes. * Symptoms such as headache, fever, exhaustion, severe joint and muscle pain, swollen glands and rash. The presence of fever, rash, and headache (and other pains) is particularly characteristic of dengue fever. Dengue is prevalent throughout the tropics and subtropics. Outbreaks have occurred recently in the Caribbean, including Puerto Rico, the U. S. Virgin Islands, Cuba, and Central America. * Because dengue fever is caused by a virus, there is no specific medicine or antibiotic to treat it. For typical dengue fever, the treatment is purely concerned with relief of the symptoms (symptomatic). * The acute phase of the illness with fever and myalgias lasts about one to two weeks. * Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a specific syndrome that tends to affect children under 10 years of age. It causes abdominal pain, hemorrhage (bleeding), and circulatory collapse (shock). * The prevention of dengue fever requires control or eradication of the mosquitoes carrying the virus that causes dengue. * There is currently no vaccine available for dengue fever. What is diarrhea? Diarrhea is an increase in the frequency of bowel movements or a decrease in the form of stool (greater looseness of stool). Although changes in frequency of bowel movements and looseness of stools can vary independently of each other, changes often occur in both. Diarrhea is more frequent and more liquid bowel movements than normal. Diarrhea often is caused by an infection with bacteria, viruses or a parasite. Bacteria cause diarrhea either by invading the intestine or by producing a toxin that makes the intestine secrete more water. When the diarrhea is caused by food contaminated with bacteria or parasites, people often refer to this as food poisoning. Types of Diarrhea Diarrhea generally is divided into two types, acute and chronic. * Acute diarrhea lasts from a few days up to a week. * Chronic diarrhea can be defined in several ways but almost always lasts more than three weeks. It is important to distinguish between acute and chronic diarrhea because they usually have different causes, require different diagnostic tests, and require different treatment. Symptoms People with diarrhea usually have loose, watery stools. Less commonly, people pass frequent, small amounts of loose stool with mucous and blood. Other symptoms can include: * Abdominal pain and cramping * Vomiting * Fever * Chills * Bloody stools * Lack of bowel control Frequent vomiting and diarrhea can lead to dehydration (abnormally low levels of body water) if too much fluid is lost from the body. Signs of dehydration include: * Dry mouth * Thirst * Dry eyes * Infrequent urination Causes A. Causes of acute diarrhea The most common cause of acute diarrhea is infectionviral, bacterial, and parasitic. Bacteria also can cause acute food poisoning. A third important cause of acute diarrhea is starting a new medication. * Viral gastroenteritis Viral gastroenteritis (viral infection of the stomach and the small intestine) is the most common cause of acute diarrhea worldwide. Patients with viral gastroenteritis usually do not have blood or pus in their stools and have little if any fever. Food poisoning Food poisoning is a brief illness that is caused by toxins produced by bacteria. The toxins cause abdominal pain (cramps) and vomiting and also cause the small intestine to secrete large amounts of water that leads to diarrhea. * Travelers diarrhea Tourists visiting foreign countries with warm climates and poor sanitation can acquire ETEC (a kind of bacteria) by eating contaminated foo ds such as fruits, vegetables, seafood, and raw meat, water, and ice cubes. Toxins produced by ETEC cause the sudden onset of diarrhea.. * Drugs Drug-induced diarrhea is very common because many drugs cause diarrhea. The medications that most frequently cause diarrhea are antacids and nutritional supplements that contain magnesium. Causes of chronic diarrhea * Irritable bowel syndrome It is a functional cause of diarrhea or constipation. It may be caused by several different underlying problems, but it is believed that the most common cause is rapid passage of the intestinal contents through the colon. * Infectious diseases like AIDS often have chronic infections of their intestines that cause diarrhea. Bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine When should the doctor be called for diarrhea? Most episodes of diarrhea are mild and of short duration and do not need to be brought to the attention of a doctor. The doctor should be consulted when there is: * High fever * Moderate or severe abdominal pain or tenderness * Bloody diarrhea that suggests severe intestinal inflammation * Diarrhea in persons with serious underlying illn ess for example, persons